THE ROLE AND ELEMENTS OF SOCIAL CAPITAL OF POTATO FARMERS IN PATTAPANG VILLAGE, TINGGIMONCONG DISTRICT, GOWA REGENCY

ABSTRACT


INTRODUCTION
The agricultural sector that has the potential to be developed is horticulture. Horticulture is part of the agricultural sector which consists of vegetables, fruits, ornamental plants, and biopharmaceuticals. Horticulture plays a role as a source of food, a source of community income, a provider of employment, domestic and international trade, as well as an increase in processing industry activities that increase added value, the important role of horticulture is the reason that this subsector needs to be a development priority. Horticultural commodities are not only useful in meeting food needs, but also in the development of the Indonesian economy. In the trading sector, horticultural commodities, especially vegetables and fruits, are important as one of the mainstays of Indonesia's exports (Andayani & Rusnadiatman, 2013).
In the economic development sector, social capital has a very high influence on the development and progress of various economic sectors, one of which is through agriculture (Prasetyo, Setyadahrma, & Kistanti, 2020;Rumagit, Timban, & Ngangi, 2019). Potato farming develops with the role of social capital, with a network of relationships formed among the people who cultivate it, which later the network of relationships can provide mutual benefits and goals. Busthanul, Ali, Kamaluddin, Heliawaty, & Saputra (2016) said that social capital is a very important development capital for the life of rural communities. Diniyati in Busthanul et al., (2016) explains that social capital is an important concept and plays a very fundamental role in agricultural development programs (Busthanul et al., 2016). Social capital has a very high influence on the development and progress of various economic sectors (Prasetyo, Setyadharma, & Kistanti, 2020). The strength of social relations is Fakultas Pertanian -Universitas Ichsan Gorontalo Jurnal Agercolere Vol. 4(2) 2022, 60-67 reflected in good behavior, a sense of friendship, mutual sympathy, and fostering close relationships and cooperation among individuals in the family who form a social group in social life (Kushandajani, 2008). Social capital is an essential aspect to build a more advanced agriculture (Harahap & Herman, 2017). Community social capital such as trust, mutual cooperation, networks and attitudes, play a major role in community behavior and if managed properly will be able to empower the community (Nababan, Qurniati, & Kustanti, 2016;Thobias, Tungka, & Rogahang, 2013). Social capital is a shared norm and value generated by trust, where trust is the basis for an attitude of order, honesty, and cooperative behavior that emerges from within a community. The dimension of social capital describes everything that makes people allied to achieve common goals based on togetherness (Cahyono & Adhiatma, 2012).
The role of social capital in small-scale agriculture has been widely recognized and the growth effect of social capital can manifest in networks and trust facilitating access to productive resources and knowledge sharing among farmers (Kansanga, Luginaah, Bezner Kerr, Lupafya, & Dakishoni, 2020;Kolade, Mafimiseb, & Aluko, 2019). Community collective action can be facilitated by social capital and has a strong influence on the process of improving social welfare (Puspita, Qurniati, & Febryano, 2020;Qurniaty, Febryano, & Zulfiani, 2017). High social capital will have an impact on high community participation, so that the government will have stronger accountability (Ekawati & Nurrochmat, 2014). The application of good social capital will be able to empower the community and will greatly influence the success of sustainable natural resource management (Nurrochmat, Darusman, & Ekayani, 2016).
Based on the description above, it can be seen that social capital on potato farming is a network of relationships formed by people who cultivate potatoes, which later on the network of relationships can provide benefits and common goals. Therefore, the researcher is interested in conducting research entitled The Role and Elements of Social Capital for Potato Farmers in Pattapang Village, Tinggimoncong District, Gowa Regency.

METHODS
This study used descriptive qualitative method. Qualitative research method is research conducted on the condition of the object experienced, where the analysis emphasizes the process of inductive inference and analysis of the dynamics of the relationship between the observed phenomena. Determination of informants was carried out by purposive sampling technique consisting of ten informants from potato farmers in Pattapang Village. In qualitative research in this case using purposive sampling technique, namely the technique of sampling data sources with certain considerations (Sugiyono, 2016).

Respondent Identity
The identity of a respondent is very helpful in the research process because it can provide information about the state of the potato farmer's farm, especially in increasing their farm production. The respondents described below describe the diversity of farmers from several aspects of age, education level, land area, and farming experience. The informants in this study were representatives of the farmer groups in Tinggimoncong District who were the administrators of the farmer groups which can be seen in the following Table  1. Based on Table 1 it can be seen that the sources of informants in this study were 10 people who were potato farmers aged between 28-64 years.

The Role of Social Capital
The role of social capital consists of 3 parts, namely sharing information, coordinating activities, and making collective decisions.

Sharing Information
According to the theory of Miguel and Brito in Mandasari & Widiartanto (2016), sharing information is a continuous flow of communication between work partners, both formal and informal, contributing to better planning and supervision in a series of activities.
Sharing information plays a role in every element of social capital that is interwoven. All elements of social capital that are intertwined between farmers, farmer groups and agricultural extension workers in Pattapang Village affect the role of Sharing. The information conveyed included information related to how to develop the farm itself, namely checking the soil PH, as we can see that each soil has a different pH level and is one indicator of the level of soil fertility, therefore it is very important to know the pH level land, especially for farmers who do planting.
Other information is the selection of quality seeds so that plants can grow and develop and produce optimally. Then, the use of fertilizers and pesticides that will be applied, this information is very important so that farmers can minimize disturbance of plantdisturbing organisms and can increase productivity and quality of crop yields. This is evidence based on the results of interviews with several Heads of Farmers/Farmers Groups who all said that farming communities who have accurate information always provide/deliver important information to all residents around Pattapang Village. The information conveyed is not only information about counseling but also includes information that is useful for his farming. In this regard, after the farmers received the information, they were enthusiastic to follow the directions and put the information into practice directly. Examples of enthusiastic attitude carried out by farmers are asking carefully for the information they get and how it works, or asking for clearer material first and then practicing it directly.
The results showed that farmers had a very high level of trust towards fellow farmers in Pattapang Village and also to extension workers who came to share information related to how to develop farming by checking soil pH, selecting quality seeds, and using fertilizers and pesticides. This can be seen in the explanation above which explains that they are very enthusiastic to follow directions or information obtained from fellow farmers and from extension workers and they immediately practice it directly.

Coordinating Activities
The results of the study shows that Coordinating Activities play an important role in farming activities in Pattapang Village, this can be seen in the explanation above which says that farming communities always coordinate with each other to carry out farming activities with farming communities in Pattapang Village and also with extension workers. As for the form of coordination that exists, among others, in terms of choosing the type of seeds to be planted to carry out farming activities, the purpose of coordinating the selection of seeds is to find out together which seeds are of good quality or not. If the seeds are of good quality, they will be propagated. If it is not of high quality, it will not be used. In addition, the farming community also always coordinates with other farmers in the Pattapang Village to carry out farming activities, for example, farmers always coordinate with the head/members of the farmer group or extension workers when there are problems in the planting process, or when farmers are about to implement or adopt innovations. given at the time of counseling. With good coordination between farming communities in Pattapang Village, it can facilitate the farming process properly. Related to this, the relationship that exists between the farming community and the surrounding residents can be well established and closerIn this case, it has been explained that the trust of farmers is very high because without trust, there will not be good coordination, as well as social networks without a good social network there is no trust between fellow farmers.

Making collective decisions
Making collective decisions is where each individual will make decisions together. In this study, the role of social capital in Making Collective Decisions was carried out very well. In the interactions that occur between farming communities in Pattapang Village, they often hold meetings between fellow farming communities or meetings with extension workers who discuss many things, mainly about potato farming and about any possible materials needed by farmers. So by holding the meeting, they gathered a lot of aspirations from each other's talks, and in the meeting they decided together. Joint decision making is also usually held if a farmer group wants to plant the same crop, then they coordinate and gather to discuss and determine which seeds, fertilizers and pesticides will be used and what planting method will be applied so that the results obtained are satisfactory. Accoding to the theory of Miguel and Brito in Mandasari & Widiartanto (2016), it is revealed that Making Collective Decisions are where each individual will make decisions together. This can be seen from the results of interviews with several informants who said that farming communities do not make decisions by themselves, they will coordinate various information or decisions that must be decided together. With the establishment of social capital properly, each individual will find it easier to carry out a job or solve a problem if the decisions taken are discussed and decided together. For example, like a network, without a social network there are no people who can express opinions to make a decision, and without trust, there will be no results because the work will not work if the decisions taken do not have a basis of trust. So, farmers have a guide or direction in which the achievements of the farming run are going well and getting maximum yields.

Elements of Social Capital
To see the relationship between elements of social capital and the condition of farmer can be seen in Fig. 1. The elements of social capital in this study can be seen in the following explanation:

Trust
Trust plays an important role in a relationship. Individuals have a tendency to judge others and decide whether to trust that person or not during interactions. Trust is the trust of certain parties to others in conducting transactional relationships based on a belief that the person they trust will fulfill all their obligations properly in accordance with expected (Rofiq, 2007). Trust is a person's willingness to be vulnerable to the actions of another party based on the expectation that the other will perform certain actions that are important to the trustor, regardless of the ability to monitor or control the other party. Trust is a reflection of one's hopes, assumptions or beliefs about the possibility that one's future actions will be useful, good, and not detrimental to his interests. The element of trust in social interaction between farmers in Pattapang Village, Tinggimoncong District, Gowa Regency has a very high level of trust.
Based on the results of interviews with ten informants, it can be seen that the level of trust of the people of Pattapang Village towards them has a high level of trust, especially to the closest people who have helped him a lot and who have helped him because they have trusted them.
The element of trust in social interaction between farmers in Pattapang Village, Tinggimoncong District, Gowa Regency has a very high level of trust. This can be seen from several informants who have a high sense of trust in their closest colleagues because they often help them in the garden. Furthermore, there is a high level of trust in fellow farmer groups because they often work together in farming activities and always help each other. And high trust in neighbors because they often help each other in everyday life in the community.

Participation
Participation that occurs in the farming community in Pattapang Village is the involvement of farmers who are members of a group or association both vertically and horizontally to realize social independence to achieve common goals without sacrificing their own interests. Horizontal participation that occurs in Pattapang Village is mutual assistance between one individual and another between fellow farmers, for example in terms of information to find out whether there is good fertilizer or seed to be used in farming, they give and receive each other about the information they receive can and share it. As stated by several informants, namely Mr. Syarifuddin and Mr. Muh. Basri, they said that they often attend counseling and from there they find out what is the right medicine to use for the problems in their garden, and from that counseling they also share information related to their problems with other farmers who have the same problem as them.
Meanwhile, vertical participation is like land owners who provide information regarding potato planting to their workers. Like several informants who act as land owners, namely Mr. Silva, Mr. H. Marzuki, Mr. H. Jappa, Mr. Syamsuddin, Mr. Suardi, Mr. Sapri, Mrs. Acci and Mrs. Isa. They said that they always look for information from many places, such as extension workers or information they get from outside. From this information, they immediately practice or tell the people who help them work in the garden so that no problems arise when they want to plant.

Social Networking
Social network is a network of relationships and social relationships that exist in a society. This network is the totality of social relations and relationships that can be observed in a community, for example the social network found in rural communities, among members of the community in general. Social relations are a picture or reflection of cooperation and coordination between citizens based on active and reciprocal social ties (Damsar, 2011). Human relationships mean a lot to him as an individual. It could be argued that we are, at least in part, defined by who we know. More broadly, the bonds between people also serve as a barrier to broader social structures. The central idea of social capital is that social networks are a valuable asset. Networks provide a basis for social cohesion because they enable people to work with each other and not just with people they know directly for mutual benefit.
The social network element in the social interaction between potato farmers and their relatives has a very wide network. The social network element in the social interaction between potato farmers and their relatives has a very wide network. This can be seen from several informants who interact with retailers/consumers in the buying and selling process, interactions with farmers and fellow farmer groups on agricultural matters such as sharing new information about new pesticides and information about associations with fellow farmers, interactions in the form of mutual cooperation. and also helping transport other farmers' crops, interacting on agricultural issues such as sharing information about the availability of new, cheaper and higher quality seeds for their gardens and interacting in the form of mutual cooperation between close relatives and fellow farmer groups.

Interrelation
The reciprocity in the social interaction of the farming community is very well established. By establishing a good reciprocal relationship that is mutually beneficial, the farming community has a closer relationship and can prioritize joint decisions. Of all the informants that the author made informants, they said that reciprocal relationships were very beneficial for the relationship between the two parties, this was because with frequent helping activities, the communication and relationships that existed would be closer, so they did not need to hesitate to ask for help from others. farmers and other neighbors in the area.

Social Norms
Norms are rules that are made with the hope of being obeyed and followed by community members in a certain social group. The mission in the development process in Pattapang Village is carried out with reference to local cultural values (Gowa) that have grown and developed from generation to generation in the Pattapang Village community. These values include: Assamaturu: The form of activity from this value is like a deliberation when selecting a village head from each existing village or other deliberations involving all residents in Pattapang Village, Sipakatau: That is, everyone is the same. There is no difference in degree, wealth, beauty, and so on. In life, it is not appropriate to distinguish people from respecting and respecting each other, and prioritizing the nature and attitude of humanizing each other, Apakine': The form of behavior from this value is that all residents must remind each other of their fellow Pattapang Village residents so that the relationships that are established are more harmonious and close and everyone in this area must instill this value, Sipakalabbire': The behavioral form of this value is that if we want to be treated well, we must also treat others well, regardless of age or position, each person in this area must instill this value, Siri'na Pacce: The behavioral form of this value is when a person in a community group is lowered his self-esteem, then all members in that community group will uphold that person's self-esteem, and Kontutojeng: The form of behavior from this value is that all Pattapang Village people must apply this value so that all forms of speech can be trusted when doing actions that are in accordance with what is said.

Potato Farming Planting System
The cropping patterns used by the farming community in Pattapang Village, Tinggimoncong District include monoculture cropping patterns and intercropping cropping patterns. The aim of the farming community in Pattapang Village to plant monocultures is to focus on increasing agricultural yields. While the intercropping pattern is an agricultural pattern by planting more than one type of plant on a plot of land that is structured and planned by applying better environmental aspects.

Monoculture
The advantage of this cropping pattern is that the cultivation technique is relatively easy because only one type of plant is planted or maintained. But on the other hand, the weakness of this cropping pattern is that the plants are relatively susceptible to pests and diseases. There are 6 farmers who use a monoculture cropping system, including H. Marzuki, Syarifuddin, Syamsuddin, Silva Hutada, H. Jappa, and Suardi. They grow potato vegetables and after the potato vegetables are harvested they start growing other vegetables. This monoculture system is applied and believed by several farmers with the aim of being more focused on maximizing the yield of the cultivated commodity.

Intercropping
Intercropping is a plant cultivation system in which more than one plant is planted in one planting area. This system is used to maximize land function and is expected to increase land productivity and also increase farmers' income. There are 4 informants who use the intercropping system, including Muh. Basir, Isa, Acci, and Sapri. Moh. Basir and Isa planted Potatoes together with Carrots, then Acci and Sapri planted Potatoes together with spring onions. Based on the results of field interviews with the farmer informants, they considered that this intercropping system was more optimal and could increase production yields compared to other cropping systems.

CONCLUSION
The conclusions that can be given based on the results of this study are the potato planting system cultivated by Potato Farmersin Pattapang Village, Tinggimoncong District, Gowa Regency. The role of social capital plays an important role in the potato farming process in Pattapang Village. With the establishment of good interactions based on the elements of social capital, the Pattapang farming community is easier to carry out their farming. Without a good interaction based on the elements of social capital, the Pattapang Potato Farmerswill be overwhelmed and confused in doing their farming. Farmers use intercropping and monoculture systems in carrying out their farming activities. This intercropping system is used because it can use the production factors owned by the farmers optimally, so that the plants planted in intercropping can provide maximum results. According to him, the monoculture system used by the farming community can make land use efficient because it allows for rapid treatment and harvesting with the help of agricultural machines and reduces labor costs because the land face becomes uniform.